Italy has enacted a controversial law making surrogacy a "universal crime," effective from November 18. This law, signed by President Sergio Mattarella, extends penalties to Italian citizens who engage in surrogacy abroad, with potential imprisonment from three months to two years and fines up to one million euros.

The move contrasts sharply with other European countries where surrogacy is legal or not explicitly banned.

Critics argue the law is unconstitutional and foresee numerous legal challenges.

The law's clarity is questioned, leaving many couples uncertain about their legal standing upon returning to Italy.